Biochemical Identification of a Nuclear Coactivator Protein Required for AtrR-Dependent Gene Regulation in Aspergillus fumigatus

Azole drugs represent the primary means of treating infections associated with the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. A central player in azole resistance is the ZnCys zinc cluster-containing transcription factor AtrR. This factor stimulates expression of both the gene, which encodes the azole drug target enzyme, as well as an ATP-binding cassette transporter-encoding gene called (). We used a fusion protein between AtrR and the tandem affinity purification (TAP) moiety to purify proteins that associated with AtrR from A. fumigatus. Protein fractions associated with AtrR-TAP were subjected to multidimensional protein identification technology mass spectrometry, and one of the proteins identified was encoded by the gene. We have designated this protein NcaA (for nuclear coactivator of AtrR). Loss of caused a reduction in voriconazole resistance and drug-induced expression, although it did not impact induction of transcription. We confirmed the association of AtrR and NcaA by coimmunoprecipitation from otherwise-wild-type cells. Expression of fusion proteins between AtrR and NcaA with green fluorescent protein allowed determination that these two proteins were localized in the A. fumigatus nucleus. Together, these data support the view that NcaA is required for nuclear gene transcription controlled by AtrR. Aspergillus fumigatus is a major filamentous fungal pathogen in humans and is susceptible to the azole antifungal class of drugs. However, loss of azole susceptibility has been detected with increasing frequency in the clinic, and infections associated with these azole-resistant isolates have been linked to treatment failure and worse outcomes. Many of these azole-resistant strains contain mutant alleles of the gene, which encodes the azole drug target. A transcription factor essential for gene transcription has been identified and designated AtrR. AtrR is required for azole-inducible transcription, but we know little of the regulation of this transcription factor. Using a biochemical approach, we identified a new protein called NcaA that is involved in regulation of AtrR at certain target gene promoters. Understanding the mechanisms controlling AtrR function is an important goal in preventing or reversing azole resistance in this pathogen.