FT/FD-GRF5 repression loop directs growth to increase soybean yield

Major advances in crop yield are eternally needed to cope with population growth. To balance vegetative and reproductive growth plays an important role in agricultural yield. To extend vegetative phase can increase crop yield, however, this strategy risks loss of yield in the field as crops may not mature in time before winter come. Here, we identified a repression feedback loop between GmFTL/GmFDL and GmGRF5-1 (Glycine-max-Flowering-Locus-T/Glycine-max-FDL and Glycine-max-GROWTH-REGULATING-FACTOR5-1), which functions as a pivotal regulator in balancing vegetative and reproductive phases in soybean. GmFTL/GmFDL and GmGRF5-1 directly repress gene expression each other. Additionally, GmGRF5-1 enhances vegetative growth by directly enhancing expression of photosynthesis- and auxin synthesis-related genes. To modulate the loop, such as fine-tuning GmFTL expression to trade-off vegetative and reproductive growth, increases substantially soybean yield in the field. Our findings not only uncover the mechanism balancing vegetative and reproductive growth, but open a new window to improve crop yield.