Large-Scale Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Whole-Genome Synthesis and Data Storage: Challenges and Opportunities

Over the past decades, remarkable progress on phosphoramidite chemistry-based large-scale oligonucleotide synthesis has been achieved, enabling numerous novel and exciting applications. Among them, genome synthesis and DNA data storage are striking. However, to make these two applications more practical, the synthesis length, speed, cost, and throughput require vast improvements, which is a challenge to be met by the phosphoramidite chemistry. Harnessing the power of enzymes, the recently emerged enzymatic methods provide a competitive route to overcome this challenge. In this review, we first summarize the status of large-scale oligonucleotide synthesis technologies including the basic methodology and large-scale synthesis approaches, with special focus on the emerging enzymatic methods. Afterward, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of large-scale oligonucleotide synthesis on genome synthesis and DNA data storage respectively.